Worldcoronaviruses are pathogens that cause severe pneumonia, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. These viruses are mainly spread through contact with respiratory droplets that contain the virus when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
COVID-19
COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is a new betacoronavirus (CoV) that emerged worldwide in late 2019. It is similar to SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, two other CoVs that caused global epidemics in 2003 and 2013, with mortality rates up to 10%. The world is currently facing a significant challenge with the outbreak of the worldcoronaviras virus (COVID-19), which is causing severe respiratory illness. It is impacting millions of people and affecting businesses around the world.
The virus was first identified by metagenomic RNA sequencing and virus isolation from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. Its genome was sequenced and revealed a novel gene coding for a polybasic cleavage site on the S protein that enables effective cleavage by furin.
Since it is a new betacoronavirus, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not well understood. Nonetheless, the viral spectrum ranges from asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic infections to clinical illness characterized by severe respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation and septic shock. In addition, hepatic injury occurs in some patients.
COVID-A
Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that infect many different animals, including birds, bats and humans. These viruses can cause mild to severe respiratory infections in people, like SARS and MERS.
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, designated as SARS-CoV-2, first emerged in Wuhan, China. It has since spread worldwide and is now known as COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019).
SARS-CoV-2 is a betaCoV that belongs to the same subgenus as the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses, which caused epidemics with mortality rates of up to 10% and 35%, respectively. It also shares high homology with horseshoe bat coronaviruses (RaTG13, RmYN02, ZC45 and ZXC21) as well as with pangolin coronaviruses. Its genomic phylogenetic analysis also shows that it is clustered with a number of other SARS-CoV and SARS-related coronaviruses. This implies that SARS-CoV-2 probably evolved from a strain found in bats.
COVID-B
There are many new coronavirus variants that have surfaced during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. These variants can be more aggressive, highly transmissible, vaccine-resistant or able to cause more severe disease compared with the original strain of the virus.
One group of variants, named B.1.1.7, first emerged in Britain in September 2020. This variant is thought to be 30 to 50 percent more infectious than other versions of SARS-CoV-2, based on studies.
This lineage has a number of mutations that may make it harder for people who have been infected by other variants to defend themselves against the B.1.1.7 virus, including N501Y and K417N. It also has a mutation known as L452R that helps the spike protein evade some types of antibodies.
COVID-C
COVID-C is a virus that causes severe illness. Symptoms may include fever, cough, chest pain or difficulty breathing.
The virus can spread from person to person when people breathe in respiratory droplets that contain the virus. It can also be transferred from the hands of an infected person to the face or eyes.
A lab test can help diagnose COVID-C. The test can be done with a sample of saliva, nasal or throat swab.
SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that is related to several bat and pangolin viruses that were discovered in smuggled animals in China between 2017 and 2019. It belongs to the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 has a novel three amino acid insertion at the junction of the S1 and S2 proteins that generates a polybasic cleavage site. It is not found in other SARS-CoV or SARS-related coronaviruses.
COVID-D
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of viruses that can cause illness in people, ranging from common colds to more severe diseases. Some of the most common CoVs, such as HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 can cause self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent individuals.
However, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV are more virulent and can cause epidemics with respiratory and extra-respiratory symptoms of variable severity. These viruses can infect humans, pigs, dogs and ferrets and are recognized by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is found in most animals.
The phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome of SARS-CoV-2 shows that it belongs to a distinct clade with SARS-related coronaviruses found in bats (SARSr-CoV), horseshoe bat coronavirus isolates RaTG13 and RmYN02 and novel pangolin coronaviruses. These results suggest that diverse coronaviruses may have been involved in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, possibly via recombination among related viruses.
COVID-E
COVID-E is a form of paid sick leave that can be used to take care of qualifying health and medical needs. If you or a qualifying family member tests positive for COVID-19, your employer can set up a bank of up to 80 hours of sick leave to use.
Affected individuals can use this leave to stay home from work and take time off for travel, doctor’s appointments, or other qualifying reasons. It is not necessary to exhaust one of these banks before using another.
COVID-19 is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019 and has infected over 650 million people worldwide as of January 1, 2023. It has a high infectivity and is highly contagious. It is spreading rapidly around the world. It is transmitted through cough and sneeze droplets. It is likely to become a global pandemic.
COVID-F
COVID-F is the latest generation of COVID vaccines. It consists of genetically engineered messenger RNA (mRNA) that delivers instructions to the body’s immune system, instructing it to produce antibodies to fight off the COVID-19 virus.
The mRNA is delivered into the bloodstream via a droplet, which is then swallowed by the body’s cells. Once the body’s immune system recognizes the mRNA, it produces antibodies to fight off the COVID-19 protein on the surface of the injected virus.
This technique prevents the mRNA from entering the nucleus of the cell, where it can be stored or used for future replication. It also protects the body against other diseases caused by COVID-19, including respiratory syncytial virus and the flu.
Viral shedding in humans is the major route of infection with SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and other related coronaviruses [77]. Shedding can occur in different ways, ranging from direct contact with respiratory secretions to direct contact with objects that contain the virus.
COVID-G
Coronaviruses are respiratory viruses that cause diseases such as SARS and MERS. They have positive sense, single-stranded RNA genomes and are enveloped by a lipid membrane. They produce a spike (S) protein that forms peplomers with bulbar projections and is thought to play an important role in virus replication and immunity against it.
Although the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 into human populations is uncertain, it is widely postulated that it evolved from an animal implicated in zoonotic transmission and is most closely related to a coronavirus found in bats. It is therefore placed in the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus.
SARS-CoV-2 has an insertion at the junction of the S1 and S2 subunits, which generates a polybasic cleavage site that is essential for viral cleavage by furin and other proteases. It also has four amino acid alterations (V483A, L455I, F456V and G476S) near the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S protein.
COVID-H
Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses infecting many different animals. They cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from mild self-limited flulike illnesses to life-threatening multiorgan failures.
SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. It is highly transmissible and is spreading all over the world.
The SARS-CoV-2 genome is similar to that of the SARS and MERS-CoV coronaviruses, but it also has some unique genomic features that differentiate it from other coronaviruses. One is the presence of a polybasic cleavage site (PRRA) in the S protein, which is a feature unique to this type of virus.
The viral genome is organized into six functional open reading frames, encoding replicase (ORF1a/ORF1b), spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N). Seven putative accessory proteins are interspersed between the structural genes.
COVID-I
In 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illnesses. They spread quickly from person to person through airborne droplets inhaled by coughing, sneezing and talking, and are able to evade immune defenses.
In 2019, a novel coronavirus, designated as SARS-CoV-2, was identified in the city of Wuhan, China. Upon identification, it was quickly declared a public health emergency of international concern.
Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2’s complete genome sequence shows that it belongs to the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus. The clade includes horseshoe bat coronavirus isolates RaTG13, RmYN02, ZC45 and ZXC21, as well as bat SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) WIV1 and SARS-CoV BJ01.
